Comprehensive Apoptosis Signaling Pathway Inhibitors from Absin

Apoptosis is a fundamental life phenomenon widely existing in the biological world. Similar to cell growth, development, and proliferation, it plays a crucial role. Currently, it is believed that extracellular stimuli inducing apoptosis must go through a series of intracellular signal transduction, and the selective cleavage of DNA between nucleosomes is one of its important markers. The term was first proposed in the 1970s, referring to a mild form of individual cell death controlled by genes under physiological or certain pathological conditions. During the occurrence and development of multicellular organisms, to maintain normal physiological functions, some cells undergo spontaneous cell death. This type of cell death is regulated by a series of related intracellular molecules and accompanied by typical morphological changes, which is known as apoptosis.

Apoptosis refers to the process by which cells automatically end their lives under certain physiological or pathological conditions, controlled by intrinsic genetic mechanisms. Programmed cell death (PCD) refers to the reactive death of organisms in response to certain physiological stimuli during development, which requires the expression of specific genes. Apoptosis describes a series of fixed morphological changes during cell death, while PCD focuses on the functional concept. The two are different but often confused.

Apoptosis or programmed cell death (PCD) is an active cell death process controlled by genes in multicellular organisms to regulate organismal development and maintain internal environment stability. Currently, there are various naming conventions for the phenomenon of spontaneous degenerative cell death. The more commonly used one is programmed cell death (PCD), which was initially applied in embryonic development. The spontaneous degenerative death of cells in specific parts during embryonic differentiation is the result of the programmed expression of genes in cells of that part, also known as gene-directed cell death, physiological cell death, naturally occurring cell death, cell sacrifice, or apoptosis.

Apoptosis is characterized by morphological changes such as nuclear condensation, chromosomal DNA being cleaved into ladder-like fragments (ladder) in units of nucleosomes, cell shrinkage, and ultimately the formation of apoptotic bodies. It does not cause lysis of surrounding cells. Apoptosis occurs sporadically in cell populations, proceeds in stages, and depends on the supply of ATP as well as the synthesis of RNA and proteins, making it an active elimination mechanism. It can be observed not only under physiological conditions such as individual development and oocyte regression but also in many diseases and pathological states such as autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and ischemic diseases. The intracellular signal transduction pathway of apoptosis can be roughly divided into two stages: the induction stage and the execution stage.

1. Induction Stage of Apoptosis

Factors inducing apoptosis include endogenous and exogenous factors. Endogenous factors include the activation of apoptosis-inducing mechanisms (such as Fas ligand, tumor necrosis factor, etc.) and the inactivation of inhibitory mechanisms (proliferative factors such as growth factors, hormones, receptor factors, etc.). Exogenous factors include physical factors such as radiation and heat shock, chemical factors such as drugs and toxins, and biological factors such as viruses and bacteria. In recent years, it has also been found that reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide are involved in neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, immune diseases, and aging to varying degrees, all of which are related to apoptosis.

Recent studies have shown that the key link of apoptosis does not lie in the nucleus but in the cytoplasm. Before apoptotic cells are induced to produce characteristic morphological changes and DNA degradation, mitochondrial membrane function changes, the inner membrane transmembrane potential disappears, and activators of mitochondrial proteases are released, triggering various apoptosis-related metabolic changes.

2. Biological Functions of Apoptosis

1.       Elimination of useless or redundant cells: 95% of cells in the human brain die during development.

2.       Removal of cells that no longer function. For example, tail cell death during tadpole metamorphosis; death of mammalian endometrial epithelial cells during menstruation.

3.       Removal of abnormally developing cells. For example, in the development of the vertebrate visual system, neurons that do not form correct neuronal connections are eliminated.

4.       Removal of some harmful cells: Thymocytes are induced to die before leaving the thymus.

3. Process of Apoptosis

The process of apoptosis can be roughly divided into four stages:

5.       Apoptotic signal transduction: When apoptotic inducers inside and outside the cell bind to receptors on the target cell, the cell produces complex biochemical reactions and forms second messengers related to apoptosis: signal molecules such as cAMP, Ca²⁺, and ceramide form death signals.

6.       Apoptotic gene activation: Regulated apoptotic genes start to initiate according to a predetermined program after receiving death signals, and synthesize various enzymes and related substances required for executing apoptosis.

7.       Execution of apoptosis (common pathway): The main executors of apoptosis are two types of enzymes: endogenous nuclease (Dnase) — which completely destroys the cell's biological command system; Caspases 3 — which comprehensively disassembles the cell's structure.

8.       Clearance of apoptotic cells: Apoptotic cells can be decomposed by adjacent macrophages.

4. Absin Provides Comprehensive Inhibitors Related to Apoptosis Signaling Pathway

As a Chinese brand of high-quality life science products, Absin can provide more than 10,000 high-quality agonist and inhibitor products, with more spot goods, more flexible packaging, and higher cost performance! For the apoptosis signaling pathway, Absin focuses on recommending inhibitors targeting Bcl-2, PERK, p53, Caspase, IAP, TNF-alpha, Survivin, and other targets:

•         Bcl-2 Inhibitors

•         PERK Inhibitors

•         p53 Inhibitors

•         Caspase Inhibitors

•         IAP Inhibitors

•         TNF-alpha Inhibitors

•         Survivin Inhibitors

5. Newly Launched Pathway-Related Inhibitor Kit Combination Products

For the apoptosis pathway, we have launched the Apoptosis agonist and inhibitor kit (Catalog No.: abs880009), a collection of apoptosis pathway agonists and inhibitors, including 11 products:

Apoptosis agonist and inhibitor kit: Catalog price is only 6620 RMB!

* And you can apply for kit price support when purchasing any 3 or more products in the kit!

6. More Agonist and Inhibitor Kit Combination Products from Absin

In addition to the apoptosis pathway kit, Absin also provides a series of other pathway-related agonist and inhibitor kit combination products to meet the diverse research needs of researchers in the field of cell signaling pathways.

7. Other Recommended Related Products

Absin also offers a full range of related products for apoptosis research, including antibodies, detection kits, and fluorescent probes, providing one-stop solutions for your apoptosis research. For more product details, please visit the official product page:

8. About AN BIO PTE. LTD.

AN BIO PTE. LTD. is committed to providing high-quality, reliable biological research reagents and comprehensive solutions for global scientific researchers. With its professional sub-brand Absin, we focus on the research and development and production of products related to cell biology, immunology, and molecular biology. Our products are widely used in academic research, drug development, and clinical diagnosis, winning the trust and recognition of numerous researchers.

We adhere to the core values of "quality first, customer-oriented", continuously optimize product performance and service quality, and strive to become a trusted partner in the field of life sciences, contributing to the progress of global biomedical research.

9. Disclaimer

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Explore our full range of apoptosis signaling pathway inhibitors and related products, and let ANTBIO empower your scientific breakthroughs. For more product details, please visit our official website: AntBio - Fueling Research, Feeding Discovery.