TLR3 Recombinant Rabbit mAb (S-4000-47)

Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a critical pattern recognition receptor of the innate immune system that specifically detects double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), a molecular signature associated with viral infections and endogenous cellular damage, and is uniquely localized to intracellular endosomal compartments rather than the cell surface. Upon binding dsRNA, TLR3 undergoes dimerization and recruits the adaptor protein TRIF (TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β), distinguishing it from other TLRs that utilize MyD88, which subsequently activates the kinases TBK1 and IKKε to phosphorylate IRF3 as well as the NF-κB pathway, culminating in the transcriptional induction of type I interferons (particularly IFN-β) and pro-inflammatory cytokines essential for establishing an antiviral state. While vital for host defense against viruses such as herpes simplex virus, influenza, and SARS-CoV-2, dysregulated TLR3 signaling has been implicated in immunopathology, including autoimmune disorders and certain neurodegenerative conditions, highlighting its dual role as both a protective sentinel and a potential mediator of sterile inflammation when activated by self-RNA or overstimulated during infection.