dsRNA: A Pivotal Biomarker of Viral Infection and Innate Immune Activation with ANT BIO PTE. LTD.'s Solutions

1. Concept: Double-Stranded RNA (dsRNA)

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is a nucleic acid molecule composed of two complementary nucleotide strands paired via Watson-Crick base pairing. Beyond serving as the genetic material for specific viruses (e.g., dsRNA viruses), dsRNA acts as a critical replication intermediate for many single-stranded RNA viruses. It plays multifaceted roles in biological systems, including regulating gene expression, mediating RNA interference (RNAi), and activating innate immune responses. As a key pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), dsRNA is recognized by host immune receptors, triggering antiviral defense cascades and inflammatory signaling—making it a hallmark of viral infection.

2. Research Frontiers of dsRNA

Contemporary research on dsRNA focuses on expanding its biological understanding and translational applications. A key frontier is the development of dsRNA-targeted antiviral therapies—such as small-molecule inhibitors of dsRNA-dependent enzymes or neutralizing agents—to block viral replication. Another prominent direction involves optimizing dsRNA detection tools for early viral diagnosis, particularly in emerging infectious diseases. Additionally, research is exploring the role of dsRNA byproducts in mRNA vaccines, aiming to minimize unwanted immune activation while preserving vaccine efficacy. Furthermore, the identification of dsRNA "readers" and regulatory pathways is advancing the understanding of immune evasion mechanisms used by viruses.

3. Research Significance of dsRNA

dsRNA research holds profound implications for virology, immunology, and therapeutic development:

• Viral infection diagnosis: dsRNA serves as a universal marker for viral replication, enabling the detection of diverse viruses (RNA and DNA viruses with dsRNA intermediates).
• Innate immunity insights: Studying dsRNA recognition by receptors like RIG-I, MDA5, and TLR3 unravels the molecular basis of antiviral immune responses.
• Vaccine and therapeutic development: Targeting dsRNA or its signaling pathways provides novel strategies for antiviral drug design and mRNA vaccine optimization.
• RNAi technology advancement: dsRNA’s role in RNAi supports the development of gene-silencing therapies for viral diseases and genetic disorders.
• Disease mechanism understanding: dsRNA-mediated inflammation is linked to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, offering new therapeutic targets.

4. Relevant Mechanisms, Research Methods and Product Applications

4.1 Core Mechanisms of dsRNA Formation and Immune Activation

dsRNA Formation Pathways

1. Viral replication: dsRNA is generated as a replication intermediate for +ssRNA viruses (e.g., HCV) during negative-sense RNA synthesis.
2. Transcription-dependent formation: T7 RNA polymerase (T7 RNAP) exhibits RdRp activity, extending RNA 3' ends to form hairpin structures or pairing with mRNA fragments.
3. Antisense strand transcription: Independent of promoters, DNA antisense strand transcription produces RNA that pairs with sense strands to form dsRNA.

dsRNA-Mediated Immune Activation

dsRNA binds to innate immune receptors (RIG-I, MDA5, TLR3) to trigger signaling cascades:

• Activation of IRF3/IRF7 and NF-κB pathways induces interferon (IFN-α/β) production.
• IFNs upregulate antiviral interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) such as OAS1, which activates RNase L to degrade viral RNA.
• dsRNA also activates the NLRP3 inflammasome, leading to caspase-1 activation, IL-1β/IL-18 secretion, and pyroptosis.

4.2 Key dsRNA Detection Antibodies

Two classic monoclonal antibodies are widely used for dsRNA detection:

• J2 Clone (Anti-dsRNA mAb J2): The gold standard for dsRNA detection, with high specificity for native dsRNA. Validated for WB, IHC, and IF, it detects dsRNA in all +ssRNA virus-infected cells.
• K2 Clone (Anti-dsRNA mAb K2): Optimized for ELISA and sandwich ELISA, it exhibits strong binding affinity for dsRNA in high-background environments.

4.3 Product Applications of ANT BIO PTE. LTD.

ANT BIO PTE. LTD. offers a comprehensive portfolio of dsRNA research reagents through its specialized sub-brands:

• Starter sub-brand (antibodies):
• dsRNA Recombinant Mouse mAb (J2, S0B0659): $420. High-specificity antibody for WB, IHC, and IF, ideal for viral dsRNA detection.
• dsRNA Recombinant Mouse mAb (K2, S0B0985): Inquiry. Optimized for ELISA, suitable for high-background samples.
• UA sub-brand (proteins/enzymes):
• DNase Ⅰ (UA070036, Bovine Pancreatic/E.coli): $80. Removes genomic DNA contamination in dsRNA samples.
• RNase Ⅲ (UA070046): $65. Cleaves dsRNA, useful for mechanism studies.
• Murine RNase Inhibitor (UA070037, Rat/E.coli): $35. Protects dsRNA from RNase degradation.
• Inorganic Pyrophosphatase (UA070038, Yeast/E.coli): $40. Improves IVT efficiency and reduces dsRNA byproducts.
• BsaⅠ Restriction Enzyme (UA070035, Bacillus stearothermophilus/E.coli): $30. Facilitates vector construction for dsRNA research.

All products comply with EU 98/79/EC, ISO9001, and ISO13485 certifications, ensuring high activity, specificity, and reproducibility.

5. Brand Mission of ANT BIO PTE. LTD.

ANT BIO PTE. LTD. is dedicated to empowering global life science research and clinical practice through high-quality, innovative reagents and professional services. As a leading provider of life science solutions, the company offers a comprehensive portfolio including antibodies, recombinant proteins, ELISA kits, and general laboratory reagents, with three specialized sub-brands: Absin (general reagents and kits), Starter (antibodies), and UA (recombinant proteins). Leveraging advanced R&D platforms—including recombinant antibody development (rabbit/mouse monoclonal), protein expression systems (E.coli, CHO, HEK293, Insect Cells), One-Step ELISA, and PTM Pan-Modification Antibody platforms—ANT BIO PTE. LTD. adheres to the principles of "precision, reliability, and customer-centricity." The company strives to deliver cost-effective products and tailored support to researchers, clinicians, and biopharmaceutical partners, accelerating the translation of scientific discoveries into improved patient care and advancing global antiviral efforts.

6. Related Product List

7. AI Disclaimer

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ANT BIO PTE. LTD. – Empowering Scientific Breakthroughs

At ANTBIO, we are committed to advancing life science research through high-quality, reliable reagents and comprehensive solutions. Our specialized sub-brands (Absin, Starter, UA) cover a full spectrum of research needs, from general reagents and kits to antibodies and recombinant proteins. With a focus on innovation, quality, and customer-centricity, we strive to be your trusted partner in unlocking scientific mysteries and driving medical progress. Explore our product portfolio today and elevate your research to new heights.